Old Kannada or Halegannada (Kannada: ಹಳà³à²à²¨à³à²¨à²¡) is the Kannada language which transformed from Purvada halegannada or Pre-old Kannada during the reign of the Kadambas of Banavasi (ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka 345â525 CE).[2]
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The Modern Kannada language has evolved in four phases over the years. From the Purva Halegannada in the 5th century (as per early epigraphic records), to the Halegannada (Old Kannada) between the 9th and 11th century, the Nadugannada (Middle Kannada) between the 12th and 17th century (as evidenced by Vachana literature), it has evolved to the present day Hosagannada (Modern Kannada) from 18th century to present. Hosagannada (Modern Kannada) is the official language of the state of Karnataka and is one of the 22 official national languages of the Republic of India and is the native language of approximately 65% of Karnataka's population.[3]
Etymology[edit]
Halegannada is derived from two Kannada terms, hale and Kannada. Hale, a prefix in Kannada language, means old or ancient. In Kannada grammar there are sandhis in which while pronouncing two words in combined form, the k becomes g (aadesha sandhi) and so hale and Kannada together becomes Halegannada.
Origin[edit]
Purvada HaleGannada (Pre-old Kannada)
A replica of the original Halmidi inscription at Halmidi village
A 5th century copper coin was discovered at Banavasi with an inscription in the Kannada script, one of the oldest such coins ever discovered.
In a report published by the Mysore Archaeological Department in 1936, Dr. M. H. Krishna, (the Director of Archaeology of the erstwhile Mysore state) who discovered the inscription in 1936 dated the inscription to 450 CE. This inscription in old-Kannada was found in Halmidi village near Hassan district. Many other inscriptions having Kannada words had been found like the Brahmagiri edict of 230 BCE by Ashoka. But this is the first full scale inscription in Kannada. Kannada was used in the inscriptions from the earliest times and the Halmidi inscription is considered to be the earliest epigraph written in Kannada.[4][5]
This inscription is generally known as the Halmidi inscription and consists of sixteen lines carved on a sandstone pillar. It has been dated to 450 CE and demonstrates that Kannada was used as a language of administration at that time.[6][7]
Dr K.V.Ramesh has hypothesized that, compared to possibly contemporaneous Sanksrit inscriptions, 'Halmidi inscription has letters which are unsettled and uncultivated, no doubt giving an impression, or rather an illusion, even to the trained eye, that it is, in date, later than the period to which it really belongs, namely the fifth century A.D.'[8]
The original inscription is kept in the Office of the Director of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of Karnataka, Mysore,[9] and a fibreglass replica has been installed in Halmidi. A mantapa to house a fibreglass replica of the original inscription has been built at Hamidi village. The Government has begun to promote the village as a place of historical interest.[10]
Evidence from edicts during the time of Ashoka the Great suggests that the Kannada script and its literature were influenced by Buddhist literature. The Halmidi inscription, the earliest attested full-length inscription in the Kannada language and script, is dated to 450 CE while the earliest available literary work, the Kavirajamarga, has been dated to 850 CE. References made in the Kavirajamarga, however, prove that Kannada literature flourished in the Chattana, Beddande and Melvadu metres during earlier centuries.[11]
The 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga, and the Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE are further examples.[12][13][14]
Purvahalegannada grammar[edit]
The grammar of the ancient Kannada language was in general more complex than of modern Kannada which has some similarities of old tamil. Phonology wise, there was full use of the now obsolete letters ೠand ಱ (i.e. same as in Tamil and Malayalam). Aspirated letters were not normally used, as there was less an influence from Sanskrit.
Words (nouns and verbs etc.) were permitted to end in consonants, the permitted consonants being: ನೠಣೠಲೠಳೠà³à³ ರೠಱೠಯೠಮà³.If words were borrowed from Sanskrit, they were changed to fit the tongue and style of the Kannada language. Most words were Dravidian in origin.
Nouns declined according to how they ended (i.e. which type of vowel or consonant). They were grouped into human and non-human (animate and inanimate). Examples of terminations of declension are: ಮà³, à²
ನà³, à²
ಳà³, à²
ರà³, à²à²¨à³, à²à²°à³, à²à²³à³, à²à³, à²
ತà³à²¤à²£à²¿à², à²à²¨à³, à²à²à²¦à³, à²
ಲà³, à²à²³à³ and à²à²³à³. Most terminations were suffixed to the 'oblique case' of nouns.
The plurals of human and non-human nouns differed; non-human nouns took the suffix à²à²³à³ whilst human nouns took the suffix à²
ರà³. These two suffixes had tens and tens of varied forms. Occasionally, with human nouns and nouns normally taking only à²
ರà³, double plurals were formed using both the suffixes e.g. à²à²¨ (person) + à²
ರೠ+ à²à²³à³ = à²à²¨à²°à³à²à²³à³ (people).
There was a large variety of personal pronouns. The first-person plural had a clusivity distinction, i.e. ನಾಠ- We (including person being talked to); à²à² - We (excluding person being talked to). There were three degrees of proximity distinction, usually shown by the three vowels: ಠ- proximate space; ಠ- intermediate space; à²
- distant space.
Numbers and natural adjectives (i.e. true adjectives) were often compounded with nouns, in their ancient, crude forms. Examples of these crude forms are:One - à²à²°à³, à²à²°à³; Two - à²à²°à³, à²à²°à³; Big - ಪà³à²°à³; Cold - ತಣà³. Examples of compounds are: à²à²°à²¾à²¨à³ - One elephant, à²à²°à³à²®à³ - Two times/Twice, ಪà³à²°à³à²®à²°à² - large tree, ತಣà³à²£à³à²°à³ - cold water
As of verbs, there was a large variety of native Kannada verbs. These verbs existed as verbal roots, which could be modified into conjugations, nouns etc. Many verbs existed which are now out of use. e.g. ಠ- To give; ಪà³à²°à³ - To fight; à²à²³à³ - To be, To possess.
Verbs were conjugated in the past and future. The present tense was a compound tense, and was artificial (i.e., it wasn't in the language originally); it was made using forms of the verb à²à²à³/ಠ(= to become). There was a negative mood (e.g. from à²à³à²³à³ - To listen, à²à³à²³à³à²¨à³ = I do not listen, I have not listened, I won't listen). Note that the negative mood is devoid of time aspect, and could and can be used with a past, present, or future meaning. Apart from the negative mood, all tenses were formed using personal terminations attached to participles of verbs.
Causative verbs were formed using à²à³, ಸà³, à²à²à³, à²à²¸à³, ಪà³, (ದೠ- obsolete, only present in very ancient forms). The first two and last were originally used only in the past tenses, the middle two in the non-past (i.e. present), and the penultimate one in the future. This reflects the Dravidian linguistic trait of causativity combined with time aspect. This trait was eventually lost.
Appellative verbs also existed, which were nouns used as verbs by suffixing personal terminations, e.g. à²
ರಸನೠ(king) + à²à²¨à³ (personal termination for 'I') = à²
ರಸನà³à²¨à³ (I am the king)
Tamil Nadu Kannada Text Book Lessons
Nouns were formed from verbal roots using suffixes and these nouns were usually neuter gender and abstract in meaning, e.g. suffixes à²à³, à²à³, ವà³, ವಿ, ಪà³, ಪಿ, ಮà³, à²
ಲà³; Root à²à²²à³ (To learn) + ಪಿ (Suffix) = à²à²²à³à²ªà²¿ (Knowledge, learning)Also, negative nouns could be formed from negative verb-bases e.g. à²
ಱಿಯ (Negative base of root à²
ಱಿ, inferred meaning not-knowing, Literally: Yet-to-know) + ಮೠ(suffix) = à²
ಱಿಯಮೠ(Lack of knowledge, Ignorance, Literally: Yet-to-know-ness) Latest powershell version.
Regarding adjectives, Kannada had and still has a few native words that can be classed as true adjectives. Apart from these, mentioned in 'Numbers and natural adjectives', Kannada used and uses the genitive of nouns and verbal derivatives as adjectives. e.g. à²à²¿à²à³à²à²¦ à²à³à²¸à³ - Small baby (literally: baby of smallness). It may be said[by whom?] that there are not real 'adjectives' in Kannada, as these can be called moreover, nouns of quality.
Halmidi textual analysis[edit]Tamil Nadu Kannada Text Book 6th Chapter
The replica of the Halmidi inscription mounted on a pedestal
The inscription is in verse form indicating the authors of the inscription had a good sense of the language structure.[15] The inscription is written in pre-old Kannada (Purvada-halegannada), which later evolved into old Kannada (Halegannada), middle Kannada and eventually modern Kannada.[16] The Halmidi inscription is the earliest evidence of the usage of Kannada as an administrative language.[17]
Text[edit]
The Halmidi inscription translated into modern Kannada script
The Halmidi inscription translated into modern Kannada language
The pillar on which the inscription was written stands around 4 feet (1.2 m) high. Its top has been carved into an arch, onto which the figure of a wheel has been carved, which is probably intended to represent the Sudarshana Chakra of Vishnu.[18] The following lines are carved on the front of the pillar:
1. jayati Åri-pariá¹£vÄá¹
ga-ÅÄrá¹
ga vyÄnatir-acytÄḥ dÄnav-aká¹£á¹År-yugÄnt-Ägniḥ Åiá¹£á¹ÄnÄn=tu sudarÅanaḥ
2. namaḥ ÅrÄ«mat=kadaá¹bapan=tyÄga-saá¹pannan kalabhÅranÄ ari ka- 3. kustha-bhaá¹á¹Åran=Äḷe naridÄviḷe-nÄá¸uḷ má¹gÄÅa-nÄ- 4. gÄndr-Äbhiḷar=bhbhaá¹ahar=appor ÅrÄ« má¹gÄÅa-nÄgÄhvaya- 5. r=irrvar=Ä baá¹ari-kul-Ämala-vyÅma-tÄrÄdhi-nÄthann=aḷapa- 6. gaá¹a-paÅupatiy=Ä daká¹£iá¹Äpatha-bahu-Åata-havan=Ä- 7. havuduḷ paÅupradÄna-ÅauryyÅdyama-bharitÅn=dÄna pa- 8. Åupatiyendu pogaḷeppoá¹á¹aá¹a paÅupati- 9. nÄmadhÄyan=Äsarakk=ella-bhaá¹ariyÄ prÄmÄlaya- 10. sutange sÄndraka-bÄá¹=ÅbhayadÄÅad=Ä vÄ«ra-puruá¹£a-samaká¹£a- 11. de kÄkaya-pallavaraá¹ kÄd=eá¹idu pettajayan=Ä vija 12. arasange bÄḷgaḻcu palmaá¸iuá¹ mūḷivaḷuá¹ ko- 13. á¹á¹Är baá¹Äri-kuladÅn=Äḷa-kadamban kaḷadÅn mahÄpÄtakan 14. irvvaruá¹ saḻbaá¹ gadar vijÄrasaruá¹ palmaá¸ige kuá¹u- 15. mbiá¸i viá¹á¹Är adÄn aḻivornge mahÄpatakam svasti
The following line is carved on the pillar's left face:
16. bhaá¹á¹arg=Ä« gaḻde oá¸á¸ali Ä pattondi viá¹á¹Ärakara
Epigraphy of Halekannada (old Kannada)[edit]
9th century old Kannada inscription of Rashtrakutas at Navalinga temple in Kuknur, Karnataka
While Kannada is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium CE as Halmidi script of Purvada HaleGannada (Pre-old Kannada), and literary Old Kannada Halekannada flourished in the 9th to 10th century Rashtrakuta Dynasty.[19]
More than 800 inscriptions are found at Shravanabelagola dating from various points during the period from 600 to 1830 CE. A large number of these are found at Chandragiri, and the rest can be seen at Indragiri. Most of the inscriptions at Chandragiri date back to before the 10th century. The inscriptions include text in the Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi, Marwari and Mahajani languages. The second volume of Epigraphia Carnatica, written by Benjamin L. Rice is dedicated to the inscriptions found here. The inscriptions that are scattered around the area of Shravanabelagola are in various Halegannada (Old Kannada) and Purvadahalegannada (Pre-Old Kannada) characters. Some of these inscriptions mention the rise to power of the Gangas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar empire and MysoreWodeyars. These inscriptions have immensely helped modern scholars in properly understanding the nature, growth and development of the Kannada language and its literature.
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Old Kannada inscription at the base of Gomateshwara monolith in Shravanabelagola (981 CE. Western Ganga Dynasty)
The earliest full-length Kannada copper plates in Old Kannada script (early 8th century) belongs to the Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem.[20] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district.[26] The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink.
The written Kannada language has come under various religious and social influences in its 1600 years of known existence. Linguists generally divide the written form into four broad phases.
From the 9th to the 14th centuries, Kannada works were classified under Old Kannada (Halegannada). In this period Kannada showed a high level of maturity as a language of original literature.[21] Mostly Jain and Saivite poets produced works in this period. This period saw the growth of Jain puranas and VirashaivaVachana Sahitya or simply vachana, a unique and native form of literature which was the summary of contributions from all sections of society.[22][23] Early Brahminical works also emerged from the 11th century.[24] By the 10th century, Kannada had seen its greatest poets, such as Pampa, Sri Ponna and Ranna, and its great prose writings such as the Vaddaradhane of Shivakotiacharya, indicating that a considerable volume of classical prose and poetry in Kannada had come into existence a few centuries before Kavirajamarga (c.850).[25] Among existing landmarks in Kannada grammar, Nagavarma II's Karnataka-bhashabhushana (1145) and Kesiraja's Shabdamanidarpana (1260) are the oldest.[26][27]
Epigraphia Carnatica by B.L.Rice published by the Mysore Archeology department in 12 volumes contains a study of inscriptions from 3rd century until the 19th century. These inscriptions belonged to different dynasties that ruled this region such as Kadambas, Western Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar kings, Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan and the Mysore Wodeyars. The inscriptions found were mainly written in Kannada language but some have been found to be written in languages like Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Urdu and even Persian and have been preserved digitally as a CD-ROM in 2005.[28]
Information Dissemination on Halegannada[edit]
Linguist Lingadevaru Halemane announcing the launching of the lecture series in Bangalore in June 2007 on Halegannada, noted that there was documentary proof about Kannada being existent even in 250 BCE, and that there were enough grounds for giving classical status to Kannada. The lecture series unveiled the indigenous wealth of the language, the stone inscriptions belonging to different periods, besides the folk and medicinal knowledge people possessed in this region in that age. This series of lectures would be extended to other parts of the state.[29]
The central Government of India formed a new category of languages called Classical languages, in 2004. Tamil was the first to be classified so. Sanskrit was added to the category a year later. The four criteria to declare Kannada as a Classical language, stated below, which are stated to be fulfilled has prompted action to seek recognition from the Central Institute of Indian Languages[30]
The classical tag equates a language to all ancient languages of the world. This is a qualification that helps in the establishment of its research and teaching chairs in any university in the world. It also provides a larger spectrum for its study and research, creates a large number of young researchers and ensures republication of out-of-print classic literature.
An Expert Committee comprising eminent researchers, distinguished academicians, reputed scholars, well known historians and renowned linguists prepared a report by collecting all the documents and credentials to prove the claim of its antiquity. This document was submitted to the Committee of Linguistic Experts set up in November 2004 by the Government of India for recognition of Kannada as a classical language. The Expert Committee Report of the Government of Karnataka titled 'Experts Report submitted to the Government of Karnataka on the subject of the recognition of Kannada as a classical Language' published in February 2007 by Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara of The Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka, M.S. Building, Bangalore. The annexures enclosed to this report to subtantiate the claim of Kannada language's antiquity are the following.
The Expert Committee of the Government of India has examined the above submissions made in the report of the Karnataka Government, and vide their Notification No 2-16-/2004-Akademics dated 31 October 2008 have stated that
'It is hereby notified that the 'Telugu Language' and the 'Kannnada Language' satisfy the above x criteria and will henceforth be classified as 'Classical Languages'. The notification is subject to the decision in Writ Petition no 18180 of 2008 in the High Court of jurisdiction at Madras.
A newspaper report has confirmed the fact that the Government of India has accorded, on 31 October 2008, the Classical Language status to Kannada and Telugu languages based on the recommendation of the nine-member Committee of Linguistic Experts.[31]
See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
External sources[edit]
1. The Expert Committee Report of the Government of Karnataka titled 'Experts Report submitted to the Government of Karnataka on the subject of the recognition of Kannada as a classical Language' published in February 2007 by Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara of The Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka, M.S. Building, Bangalore.
2. Government of India Notification No 2-16-/2004-Akademics dated 31 October 2008.
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